The use of manipulative materials for the development of number sense and calculation skills

Abstract

This study aimed to understand the impact of using manipulatives on the development of number sense and mental calculation in first-grade students. Conducted within an action-research framework, the study involved a class of 18 students over three weeks. The intervention consisted of a sequence of tasks using the ten-frame, bead string, and dot cards, promoting representation, decomposition, and problem-solving. Data were collected through observations, students’ productions, and pre-test and post-test. Results showed progress in the use of more efficient strategies, with a clear shift from counting-based approaches to more structured and flexible reasoning. The findings highlight the pedagogical value of manipulatives when used in intentional and reflective teaching practices.