Representation of Nature-Based Leisure Experiences in New Media: A Qualitative Study on Online Reviews
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.34630/e-rei.vi14.7414Mots-clés :
New Media, Online Reviews, Nature-Based Leisure, Human-Nature Interaction, Connectedness to Nature, Gölcük Nature ParkRésumé
In a rapidly urbanizing world where alienation from the natural environment is increasing, it becomes crucial to understand how individuals perceive and represent their connection with nature through digital platforms. This research aims to explore nature-based leisure experiences in new media representations within the context of nature attachment, specifically focusing on the case of Isparta Gölcük Nature Park. Within the scope of the research, 1,649 posts related to the park on Google Maps between 2015 and 2025 were examined. Of these posts, 859 were reviews and ratings, while 790 were ratings only. A qualitative research approach was adopted in the study, and patterns found in online reviews shared on the Google Maps application were examined thematic content analysis method. The main consequences highlight three primary themes: connectedness to nature and seeking peace of mind, opportunities for social interaction, and concerns regarding the protection of the natural environment. The findings reveal that direct interaction with nature is vital for psychological restoration and social integration. Additionally, it is observed that the park experience is conveyed to wider audiences through new media, as online reviews and experiences are shared in the digital environment and transformed into a collective memory. According to the research results, Gölcük Nature Park's opportunities for nature-based leisure activities play an important role in promoting a connection with nature. Furthermore, concerns expressed by visitors through new media highlight the need for effective environmental management strategies
Références
Ajuhari, Z., Isa, S. S., & Aziz, A. (2016). Promoting pro-environmental behavior in ecotourism destinations. In M. Abdullah, W. Yahya, N. Ramli, S. Mohamed, & B. Ahmad (Eds.), Regional conference on science, technology and social sciences (RCSTSS 2014) (pp. 1023-1039). Springer.
Akçakese, A., Demirel, M., Yolcu, A. F., Gümüş, H., Ayhan, C., Sarol, H., Işık, Ö, Harmandar Demirel, D., & Stoica, L. (2024). Nature relatedness, flow experience, and environmental behaviors in nature-based leisure activities. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1397148. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1397148
Akten, S., & Gül, A. (2014). Korunan doğal alanlarda ziyaretçilerin olası etki düzeyleri önlem ve standartların belirlenmesi (Gölcük Tabiat Parkı örneği). Turkish Journal of Forestry, 15(2), 130-139. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.25479
Alam, A., Ardi, M., & Asrib, A. (2018). Pengetahuan dan sikap manusia terhadap isu lingkungan. UNM Environmental Journals, 1(2), 53-58. https://doi.org/10.26858/uej.v1i2.8064
Alzboun, G., Alhur, M., Khawaldah, H., & Alshurideh, M. (2023). Assessing gastronomic tourism using a machine learning approach: The case of Google reviews. International Journal of Data and Network Science, 7(3), 1131-1142. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.ijdns.2023.5.010
Aydın, Ç. (2024). From ancient paths to modern discoveries: The backpacker tourism experience on the Lycian Way. Romaya Journal: Researches on Multidisciplinary Approaches, 4(2), 35–46. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13953262
Aydın, Ç. (2025). Daday atlı turizm merkezlerinde turist deneyimlerinin incelenmesi. GSI Journals Serie A: Advancements in Tourism Recreation and Sports Sciences, 8(1), 310-326. https://doi.org/10.53353/atrss.1594792
Berman, M. G., Jonides, J., & Kaplan, S. (2008). The cognitive benefits of interacting with nature. Psychological Science, 19(12), 1207-1212. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02225.x
Berto, R. (2014). The role of nature in coping with psycho-physiological stress: A literature review on restorativeness. Behavioral Sciences, 4(4), 394-409. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs4040394
Bratman, G. N., Hamilton, J. P., Hahn, K. S., Daily, G. C., & Gross, J. J. (2015). Nature experience reduces rumination and subgenual prefrontal cortex activation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(28), 8567–8572. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1510459112
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Brymer, E., Crabtree, J., & King, R. (2021). Exploring perceptions of how nature recreation benefits mental wellbeing: a qualitative enquiry. Annals of Leisure Research, 24(3), 394-413. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2020.1778494
Canpolat, E. (2015). Gölcük volkanik alanının jeomorfolojisi, Isparta-Türkiye. Coğrafya Dergisi, 31, 62-82.
Capaldi, C. A., Dopko, R. L., & Zelenski, J. M. (2014). The relationship between nature connectedness and happiness: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 92737. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00976
Carlsson, M. (2024). Schools addressing health, wellbeing and sustainability challenges: a literature review of perspectives on social justice, equity and agency. Health Education, 124(3/4), 142-159. https://doi.org/10.1108/HE-12-2023-0121
Carruthers Den Hoed, D. (2008). Unpacking the privilege knapsack: Creating park experiences that foster social diversity. Canada Parks for Tomorrow Conference, Calgary.
Chawla, L. (2015). Benefits of nature contact for children. Journal of Planning Literature, 30(4), 433-452. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412215595441
Cheng, S., Zhai, Z., Sun, W., Wang, Y., Yu, R., & Ge, X. (2022). Research on the satisfaction of Beijing waterfront green space landscape based on social media data. Land, 11(10), 1849. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11101849
Clayton, S., & Opotow, S. (Eds.). (2003). Identity and the natural environment: The psychological significance of nature. MIT Press.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
Cronon, W. (1996). The trouble with wilderness; or, getting back to the wrong nature. Environmental History, 1(1), 7-28. https://doi.org/10.2307/3985059
De Almeida, T. (2020). Regulation of affective states: Benefits of contact with nature. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 7(2), 309-319. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.72.42
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2005). Introduction: The discipline and practice of qualitative research. In D. Marchand, E. Pol, & K. Weiss (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed., pp.1–32). Sage.
Dhakal, S. P. (2011). The five capitals framework for exploring the state of friends' groups in Perth, Western Australia: Implications for urban environmental stewardship. International Journal of Environmental, Cultural, Economic and Social Sustainability, 7(2), 135-
147. https://doi.org/10.18848/1832-2077/cgp/v07i02/54902
Doronina, M., Semenkova, S., & Taburkin, V. (2018). Social and psychological aspects of environmental consciousness. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 9(3), 576. https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.9.3(27).17
Erasmus, A., Conradie, N., & van Zyl, C. (2023). Profiling visitors of four selected urban green spaces in the city of Tshwane. In V. Katsoni (Ed.), Tourism, travel, and hospitality in a smart and sustainable world (pp. 667–681). Springer.
Fejes-Vékássy, L., Ujhelyi, A., & Lantos, N. A. (2024). I don’t care, I share!–The importance of self-disclosure overwrites the risks of sharing on Social Media. Current Psychology, 43(38), 30120-30134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-06496-2
Freire, T. (2013). Leisure experience and positive identity development in adolescents. In T. Freire (Ed.), Positive leisure science: From subjective experience to social contexts (pp. 61–79). Springer.
Geng, D. (2021). Managing national park visitor experience and visitor-wildlife coexistence: A case study of Banff National Park (Doctoral dissertation, University of British Columbia)
Gobster, P. H., Nassauer, J. I., Daniel, T. C., & Fry, G. (2007). The shared landscape: What does aesthetics have to do with ecology? Landscape Ecology, 22(7), 959-972. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-007-9110-x
Gretzel, U., & Yoo, K. H. (2008). Use and impact of online travel reviews. In P. O'Connor, W.Höpken, & U. Gretzel (Eds.), Information and communication technologies in tourism 2008 (pp. 35-46). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-77280-5_4
Gül, A., Örücü, Ö. K., & Karaca, Ö. (2005). Korunan alanlarda rekreasyon uygunluk analizi ile potansiyel alanlarının belirlenmesi (Gölcük Tabiat Parkı örneği). Korunan Doğal Alanlar Sempozyumu, Isparta.
Halpenny, E. A. (2010). Pro-environmental behaviours and park visitors: The effect of place attachment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(4), 409-421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.04.006
Hanna, P., Wijesinghe, S., Paliatsos, I., Walker, C., Adams, M., & Kimbu, A. (2019). Active engagement with nature: outdoor adventure tourism, sustainability and wellbeing. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(9), 1355–1373. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1621883
Hofman-Kohlmeyer, M. (2023). Brand-related user-generated content in new media: Systematic literature review. Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization & Management Series, 179, 133–162. https://doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2023.179.8
Hughes, J., Richardson, M., & Lumber, R. (2018). Evaluating connection to nature and the relationship with conservation behaviour in children. Journal for Nature Conservation, 45, 11-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2018.07.004
Iqbal, A., & Mansell, W. (2021). A thematic analysis of multiple pathways between nature engagement activities and well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 580992. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.580992
Izenstark, D., & Ebata, A. T. (2017). The effects of the natural environment on attention and family cohesion: An experimental study. Children, Youth and Environments, 27(2), 93-109. https://doi.org/10.1353/cye.2017.0007
Izenstark, D., & Ravindran, N. (2022). Associations between childhood family-based nature activities and family relationship quality in emerging adulthood. Family Relations, 72(3), 1276-1291. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12714
Jamal, T. B., & Everett, J. (2004). Resisting rationalisation in the natural and academic lifeworld: Critical tourism research or hermeneutic charity? Current Issues in Tourism, 7(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500408667970
Jenkins, H. (2006a). Fans, bloggers, and gamers: Exploring participatory culture. New York University Press.
Jenkins, H. (2006b). Convergence culture: Where old and new media collide. New York University Press.
Kaplan, S. (1995). The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15(3), 169-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-4944(95)90001-2
Kaplan, S. (2001). Meditation, restoration, and the management of mental fatigue. Environment and Behavior, 33(4), 480-506. https://doi.org/10.1177/00139160121973106
Kavoura, A., & Stavrianeas, A. (2015). The importance of social media on holiday visitors’choices–the case of Athens, Greece. EuroMed Journal of Business, 10(3), 360-374. https://doi.org/10.1108/EMJB-03-2015-0016
Keniger, L. E., Gaston, K. J., Irvine, K. N., & Fuller, R. A. (2013). What are the benefits of interacting with nature? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(3), 913-935. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10030913
Klassen, M. (2010). Connectedness to nature: Comparing rural and urban youths’ relationships with nature (Master's thesis, Royal Roads University).
Köroğlu, Ö., & Karaman, S. (2014). Doğaya dayalı turizm faaliyetlerinin gelişiminde toplum temelli doğal kaynak yönetiminin önemi. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik
Araştırmalar Dergisi, 16(26), 95-106. https://doi.org/10.18493/kmusekad.05157
Larson, L. R., Jennings, V., & Cloutier, S. A. (2016). Public parks and wellbeing in urban areas of the United States. PLoS One, 11(4), e0153211. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153211
Lee, T., & Jan, F. (2015). The effects of recreation experience, environmental attitude, and biospheric value on the environmentally responsible behavior of nature-based tourists. Environmental Management, 56(1), 193-208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-015-0488-y
Lencastre, M. P. A., Guedes Vidal, D., Estrada, R., Barros, N., Leandro Maia, R., & FarinhaMarques, P. (2024). The biophilia hypothesis explored: regenerative urban green spaces and wellbeing in a Portuguese sample. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 81(3), 1461-1475. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2022.2067411
Li, J., Huang, Z., Zhu, Z., & Ding, G. (2024). Coexistence Perspectives: Exploring the impact of landscape features on aesthetic and recreational values in urban parks. Ecological Indicators, 162, 112043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.112043
Lister, M., Dovey, J., Giddings, S., Grant, I., & Kelly, K. (2009). New media: A critical introduction (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Lohmeier, C., Schulze, L., Schöning, J., & Savino, G.-L. (2025). Navigating beyond places: The significance of navigation tools in everyday media use. New Media & Society, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448251359632
Lu, W., & Stepchenkova, S. (2015). User-generated content as a research mode in tourism and hospitality applications: Topics, methods, and software. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 24(2), 119-154. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2014.907758
Lumber, R., Richardson, M., & Sheffield, D. (2017). Beyond knowing nature: Contact, emotion, compassion, meaning, and beauty are pathways to nature connection. PloS one, 12(5),
e0177186. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177186
Lundmark, L., & Müller, D. K. (2010). The supply of nature-based tourism activities in Sweden. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 58(4), 379-393.
Măgdălin, E., & Cehan, A. (2022). The online destination image of the protected area Bicaz Gorges-Hășmaș National Park. Lucrările Seminarului Geografic "Dimitrie Cantemir", 50(1), 36-54. https://doi.org/10.47743/lsgdc.v50i1.01
Malesevic, T. (2023). Nature Park Zlatibor: A political ecology study (Master's thesis,Norwegian University of Life Sciences).
Marine-Roig, E., & Anton Clavé, S. (2015). Tourism analytics with massive user-generated content: A case study of Barcelona. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 4(3), 162-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2015.06.004
Mathayomchan, B., & Taecharungroj, V. (2020). “How was your meal?” Examining customer experience using Google Maps reviews. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 90, 102641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102641
Matveevskaya, A., Pogodina, V., & Ermolina, M. (2019). Geoecological approach to the design of recreational areas in large cities. MATEC Web of Conferences, 265, 06012. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926506012
Mayer, F. S., & Frantz, C. M. (2004). The connectedness to nature scale: A measure of individuals' feeling in community with nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24(4), 503- 515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2004.10.001
Mayer, F. S., Frantz, C. M., Bruehlman-Senecal, E., & Dolliver, K. (2009). Why is nature beneficial?: The role of connectedness to nature. Environment and Behavior, 41(5), 607-643. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916508319745
Menzel, C., von der Heiden, L., Tretau, I., & Wissel, P. (2024). Wasting the restorative potential: Influences of plastic and biowaste on psychological restoration after real, virtual, and imagined walks. Global Environmental Psychology, 2, e11463. https://doi.org/10.5964/gep.11463
Mkono, M., & Tribe, J. (2017). Beyond reviewing: Uncovering the multiple roles of tourismsocial media users. Journal of Travel Research, 56(3), 287-298. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287516636236
Mohamed, A. A., & Kronenberg, J. (2025). Users’ experiences of park accessibility and attractiveness based on online review analytics. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-88500-8
Narangajavana, Y., Fiol, L. J. C., Tena, M. Á. M., Artola, R. M. R., & García, J. S. (2017). The influence of social media in creating expectations: An empirical study for a tourist destination. Annals of Tourism Research, 65, 60-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2017.05.002
Nisbet, E. K., Zelenski, J. M., & Murphy, S. A. (2009). The nature relatedness scale: Linking individuals' connection with nature to environmental concern and behavior. Environment and Behavior, 41(5), 715-740. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916508318748
Oğurlu, İ., Gündoğdu, E., & Sarıkaya, O. (2005). Gölcük Tabiat Parkı faunası üzerine gözlemler. Korunan Doğal Alanlar Sempozyumu, Isparta.
Ojeda, D. (2012). Green pretexts: Ecotourism, neoliberal conservation and land grabbing in Tayrona National Natural Park, Colombia. Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(2), 357-375. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2012.658777
Oladeji, S. O., & Fatukasi, D. (2017). Participatory approach to conservation and management of protected areas in Nigeria: Case study of Osse River Park Project. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 11(9), 471-485.
Ostermiller, L., & Anderson, A. R. (2024). The role of nature engagement in the satisfaction of fundamental psychological needs across the lifespan: A thematic analysis. Current Psychology, 43(15), 13227-13240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-05351-0
Özaltın, Ö., & Özmen, H. İ. (2005). Türkiye’de doğa sporlarının yapılabilirliğinin ölçümüne yönelik bir etkinlik ölçek önerisi ve Isparta ili uygulaması. Korunan Doğal Alanlar Sempozyumu,Isparta.
Özçelik, H. (2023). Isparta ilinin önemli bitki alanları ve özellikleri: Important plant areas and their characteristics in Isparta province. Journal of Protected Areas Research, 2(1), 26-62. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7804534
Öztürk Hacar, Ö., Hacar, M., Gülgen, F., & Pappalardo, L. (2025). Where we rate: The impact of urban characteristics on digital reviews and ratings. Applied Sciences, 15(2), 931. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15020931
Paradiso, C. (2024). Natural parks: Political, economic, and socioecological relations. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.609
Pretty, J., Peacock, J., Sellens, M., & Griffin, M. (2005). The mental and physical health outcomes of green exercise. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 15(5), 319–337. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603120500155963
Ramkissoon, H., Smith, L. D. G., & Weiler, B. (2013). Testing the dimensionality of place attachment and its relationships with place satisfaction and pro-environmental behaviours: A structural equation modelling approach. Tourism Management, 36, 552-
566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.09.003
Rantala, O., & Puhakka, R. (2019). Engaging with nature: nature affords well-being for families and young people in Finland. Children’s Geographies, 18(4), 490–503. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2019.1685076
Rosa, C. D., Profice, C. C., & Collado, S. (2018). Nature experiences and adults’ self-reported pro-environmental behaviors: The role of connectedness to nature and childhood nature experiences. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1055. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01055
Schultz, P. W. (2002). Inclusion with nature: The psychology of human-nature relations. In P. Schmuck & W. P. Schultz (Eds.), Psychology of sustainable development (pp. 61-78). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0995-0_4
Shafieiasl Nazarlou, A. (2022). Desiring to connect to nature: The effect of sustainable surroundings of schools on children’s environmental attitudes and behaviors a case study in Tabriz, Iran (Master's thesis, Politecnico di Torino).
Shanahan, D. F., Fuller, R. A., Bush, R., Lin, B. B., & Gaston, K. J. (2015). The health benefits of urban nature: How much do we need? BioScience, 65(5), 476-485. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biv032
Sharmeen, F. (2015). Dynamics of social networks and activity travel behaviour (Doctoral dissertation, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven)
Shin, B., Ryu, S., Kim, Y., & Kim, D. (2022). Analysis on review data of restaurants in Google Maps through text mining: Focusing on sentiment analysis. Journal of Multimedia Information System, 9(1), 61-68. https://doi.org/10.33851/JMIS.2022.9.1.61
Simsek, C. N. (2023). Designed experience and the logics of environments (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Texas).
Stodolska, M., Peters, K., & Horolets, A. (2017). Immigrants' adaptation and interracial/interethnic interactions in natural environments. Leisure Sciences, 39(6), 475- 491. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2016.1213676
Şahin, M., & Eşici, H. (2020). Türkiye’de yaşayan Suriyeli göçmenler ile Türklerin birlikte yaşam kültürü: Değerler, fırsatlar, engeller. Avrasya Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(22), 72-99. https://doi.org/10.33692/avrasyad.647200
Tanase, C. (2019). Natural protected areas of the Danube. Journal of Danubian Studies and Research, 8(1), 197-205.
Thomashow, M. (1996). Ecological identity: Becoming a reflective environmentalist. MIT Press.
Thompson Coon, J., Boddy, K., Stein, K., Whear, R., Barton, J., & Depledge, M. H. (2011). Does participating in physical activity in outdoor natural environments have a greater effect on physical and mental wellbeing than physical activity indoors? A systematic review. Environmental Science & Technology, 45(5), 1761–1772. https://doi.org/10.1021/es102947t
Tolunay, A., Korkmaz, M., & Alkan, H. (2004). Kent ormanlarında rekreasyonel etkinlikler açısından ziyaretçi profilinin belirlenmesi (Gölcük Tabiat Parkı örneği). I. Kent Ormancılığı Kongresi, Ankara.
Ulrich, R. S. (2023). Stress reduction theory. In D. Marchand, E. Pol, & K. Weiss (Eds.), 100 key concepts in environmental psychology (pp. 143–146). Routledge.
Vroegop, J. (2015). Nature connectedness & winter camping: A combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches(Master's thesis, Linköping University).
Wilson, E. O. (1984). Biophilia. Harvard University Press.
Winter, P. L., Selin, S., Cerveny, L., & Bricker, K. (2019). Outdoor recreation, nature-based tourism, and sustainability. Sustainability, 12(1), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010081
Wolf, K., & Housley, E. (2014). Reflect and restore: Urban green space for mental wellness. TKF Foundation.
Wolsko, C., & Lindberg, K. (2013). Experiencing connection with nature: The matrix of psychological well-being, mindfulness, and outdoor recreation. Ecopsychology, 5(2), 80- 91. https://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2013.0008
Wolsko, C., Lindberg, K., & Reese, R. (2019). Nature-based physical recreation leads to psychological well-being: Evidence from five studies. Ecopsychology, 11(4), 222-235. https://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2018.0076
Wright, P. & Mathews, C. (2015). Building a culture of conservation: Research findings and research priorities on connecting people to nature in parks. Parks, 21(2), 11-24. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2014.PARKS-21-2PAW.en
Xiang, Z., & Gretzel, U. (2010). Role of social media in online travel information search. Tourism Management, 31(2), 179-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.02.016
Xu, J., Zhu, L., & Wang, H. (2018). Research characteristics and status on environmental psychology: A bibliometric and knowledge mapping analysis. E3S Web of Conferences, 38, 01020. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183801020
Yurtseven, B., & Oğuz, D. (2021). Kentsel yeşil alanlarda göçmenlerin mekân algısı ve davranış biçimlerindeki değişimlerinin değerlendirilmesi. Kent Akademisi, 14(4), 1251-1269. https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.978849
Yücedağ, C., & Yelsiz, M. Ş. (2022). Gölcük Tabiat Parkı rekreasyonel kullanımının ziyaretçiler tarafından değerlendirilmesi. Journal of Architectural Sciences and Applications, 7(2),528-541. https://doi.org/10.30785/mbud.1113283
Zafeiroudi, A. (2020). Enhancing adolescents’ environmental responsibility through outdoor recreation activities. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 9(6), 43-55. https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2020-0110
Zhang, Y., Zhang, J., Ye, Y., Wu, Q., Jin, L., & Zhang, H. (2016). Residents’ environmental conservation behaviors at tourist sites: Broadening the norm activation framework by adopting environment attachment. Sustainability, 8(6), 571. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8060571
Zylstra, M. J., Knight, A. T., Esler, K. J., & Le Grange, L. L. L. (2014). Connectedness as a core conservation concern: An interdisciplinary review of theory and a call for practice. Springer Science Reviews, 2, 119-143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40362-014-0021-3
Téléchargements
Publiée
Comment citer
Numéro
Rubrique
Licence
© E- Journal d'études interculturelles 2026
Ce travail est disponible sous licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d’Utilisation Commerciale - Partage dans les Mêmes Conditions 4.0 International.
