Desmarginalização dos povos indígenas: uma análise histórica dos Ainu do Japão
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34630/e-rei.vi11.5330Palavras-chave:
Ainu, Povos indígenas, Marginalização, Desmarginalização, MulticulturalismoResumo
Nos últimos tempos, a população minoritária Ainu do Japão viu um esforço concentrado do governo japonês para promover sua cultura e herança. Isso ocorre após séculos de marginalização em que os Ainu enfrentaram assimilação e opressão que silenciaram sua identidade nativa e contribuíram para o apagamento de sua cultura. Desde 2008, no entanto, tem havido uma crescente conscientização sobre essas questões, o que culminou no aumento do apoio do governo ao povo Ainu na forma de nova legislação e iniciativas de promoção cultural. Essas iniciativas ajudaram a revitalizar a cultura Ainu e levaram a um maior reconhecimento de sua importância histórica no Japão e no exterior.
Este artigo explora como os Ainu foram marginalizados na sociedade japonesa, como lutaram pelo reconhecimento como povo indígena e o efeito desses esforços em sua cultura. Assim, a primeira seção apresenta uma linha do tempo da marginalização do povo Ainu, a segunda seção detalha a trajetória dos esforços do governo japonês para desmarginalizar os Ainu e, finalmente, oferece uma reflexão sobre o significado cultural da desmarginalização.
Referências
Advisory Council for Future Ainu Policy. (2009). Final Report of The Advisory Council for Future Ainu Policy. Provisional Translation by The Comprehensive Ainu Policy Office, Cabinet Secretariat, Government of Japan. Retrieved from: https://www.Kantei.Go.Jp/Jp/Singi/Ainu/Dai10/Siryou1_En.Pdf
Cobo, J. R. M. (1986). Study Of the Problem of Discrimination Against Indigenous Populations. New York: United Nations, 87.
Danver, S. L. (2015). Native peoples of the world: An Encyclopaedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge.
Dery, S., Leimgruber, W., 7 Zsilincsar, W. (2012). Understanding Marginality. Recent Insights from A Geographical Perspective, Hrvatski Geografski Glasnik, 74(1), 5 – 18.
ECOSOC Res 1982-34 On the Study of the Problem of Discrimination Against Indigenous Population (7 May 1982) Un Doc E/Res/1982/34 (1982) Para 2.
Edgington, D. W. (2003). Joining The Past and Present In Japan. Japan At the Millennium: Joining Past and Future, 3-18.
Emori, S. (2008). Ainu minzoku no rekishi. History of the Ainu]. Sofukan: Urayasu.
Fanon, F., (1967). Racism And Culture (Text of Franz Fanon’s Speech Before The First Congress Of Negro Writers And Artists In Paris, September 1965, And Published In The Special Issue Of Présence Africaine, June–November, 1956). Toward The African Revolution: Political Essays. Grove Press., Pp.31-44.
Gallie, W. B. (1955, January). Essentially Contested Concepts. In Proceedings of The Aristotelian Society (Vol. 56, Pp. 167-198). Aristotelian Society, Wiley.
Hudson, M. J., & Watson, M. K. (Eds.). (2013). Beyond Ainu Studies: Changing Academic and Public Perspectives. University Of Hawaii Press.
International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs, (1986). IWGIA Newsletter. International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs.
Iriye, A., & Saunier, P. (Eds.). (2016). The Palgrave Dictionary of Transnational History: From the Mid-19th Century to The Present Day. Springer.
Kingston, J. (2013). Japan in transformation. Routledge.
Mackie, V.C., Skoutarides, A., Tokita, A. And Peter, E. (2000), Papers of the 10th Biennial Conference Of The Japanese Studies Association Of Australia. Japanese Studies: Communities, Culture, Critiques.
Mason, M. (2012). Dominant Narratives of Colonial Hokkaido and Imperial Japan: Envisioning the Periphery and The Modern Nation-State. Springer.
Ministry Of Foreign Affairs. 2019. Fourth Periodic Report by The Government of Japan Under Article 40 Paragraph 1(B) Of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights > II. Information On Individual Articles of The Covenant (Article 27) Retrieved from: https://www.Mofa.Go.Jp/Policy/Human/Civil_Rep4/Article27.html
Minority Rights Group International (2008). World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples Japan. Retrieved from:https://Minorityrights.Org/Minorities/Ainu/
Osabu-Kle, D. T. (2000). The African Reparation Cry: Rationale, Estimate, Prospects, And Strategies. Journal Of Black Studies, 30(3), 331-350.
Pears, M. (2016). Place And Marginality: The Formation of Redemptive Places. Mission In Marginal Places: The Theory, Milton Keynes: Paternoster, 33-56.
Semali, L. M., & Kincheloe, J. L. (2002). What Is Indigenous Knowledge?: Voices From The Academy. Routledge.
Shimazu, N. (Ed.). (2006). Nationalisms in Japan. London: Routledge.
Siddle, R. M. (2012). Race, Resistance and The Ainu of Japan. Routledge.
Siddle, R.M. (2002, January). An Epoch-Making Event? The 1997 Ainu Cultural Promotion Act and Its Impact. In Japan Forum (Vol. 14, No. 3, Pp. 405-423). Taylor & Francis.
Tahara, K. (1999). Nibutani Dam Case. Indigenous Law Bulletin, 4(23), 18-20.
Takakura, S. (1943). Ainu Seisaku-Shi (History of The Administration of The Ainu).
Tsunemoto, T. (2019). Overview of the Ainu Policy Promotion Act of 2019. Foreign Press Center Japan.
Tsutsui, K. (2018). Rights Make Might: Global Human Rights and Minority Social Movements in Japan. Oxford University Press.
Uemura, H. (2008). Ainu Minzoku Ichimon Itto.
UNESCO, E. (2010). Reaching The Marginalized, Global Monitoring Report 2010.
Watson, M. K. (2014). Japan's Ainu Minority in Tokyo: Diasporic Indigeneity and Urban Politics. Routledge.
Westley, R. (1998). Many Billions Gone: Is It Time to Reconsider the Case for Black Reparations. BC Third World LJ, 19, 429.
Yamamoto, E. K. (1998). Racial Reparations: Japanese American Redress and African American Claims. BC Third World LJ, 19, 477.
Yoshiaki, Y. (2015). Grassroots Fascism: The War Experience of The Japanese People. Columbia University Press.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Secção
Licença
Direitos de Autor (c) 2023 E- Revista de Estudos Interculturais
Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-CompartilhaIgual 4.0.
