Práticas regulatórias e tecnologia nos casinos de Macau: Perspetivas a partir de um estudo de teoria fundamentada
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34630/e-rei.vi.7505Palavras-chave:
Jogo de fortuna ou azar, lei do jogo, sistema regulatório, RegTech, teoria fundamentada construtivista, MacaoResumo
Este estudo investiga as dinâmicas regulatórias-operacionais dos casinos de Macau, utilizando uma abordagem teórica construtivista fundamentada. Foram realizadas entrevistas em profundidade com 25 participantes de grupos de partes interessadas do setor. À luz das novas leis do jogo, o estudo descreve mecanismos regulatórios específicos, incluindo a identificação de jogadores premium, o reforço dos procedimentos operacionais, a expansão dos requisitos de auditoria e de reporte e o reforço das inspeções no local. A análise de teoria fundamentada identifica quatro temas emergentes do setor que captam o impacto do novo sistema regulatório dos casinos: institucionalização regulatória, des-junketização, fragmentação funcional e aplicações tecnológicas. O estudo examina igualmente as perceções das partes interessadas sobre o novo sistema regulatório dos casinos, sendo que os grupos de casinos e de especialistas consideram as reformas necessárias, enquanto os participantes ligados aos junkets as percecionam como restritivas. Com base nestes resultados, o estudo propõe um modelo conceptual estruturado em torno das funções regulatórias, de conformidade e de melhoria. O enquadramento resultante reflete as características da indústria do jogo em Macau e poderá oferecer relevância analítica e considerações transferíveis para investigação comparativa noutras jurisdições do jogo.
Referências
Ahn, J., & Back, K. J. (2018). Integrated resort: A review of research and directions for future
study. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 69, 94–101.
Asia Gaming Brief. (2024, May 21). Smart table technology set to dominate main Asia market
casinos by 2025: Expert. Retrieved from https://agbrief.com/intel/deep-dive/21/05/2024/smart-tabletechnology-set-to-dominate-main-asia-market-casinos-by-2025-expert/
Bastos, N. (2020). A change on the horizon for the gaming industry: Trends, blockchain
technology, and cryptocurrency. UNLV Gaming Law Journal, 10 (1), Article 117. Retrieved from
https://scholars.law.unlv.edu/glj/vol10/iss1/7
Birks, M., & Mills, J. (2023). Grounded theory: A practical guide (3rd ed.). SAGE
Publications.
Brown, S. H. VII. (2022). Gambling on the blockchain: How the unlawful internet gambling
enforcement act has opened the door for offshore crypto casinos. Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment
and Technology Law, 24 (3) , 535–559. Retrieved from
https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/jetlaw/vol24/iss3/3
Cabot, A. N. (1996). Casino gaming: Policy, economics, and regulation. UNLV International
Gaming Institute.
Cabot, A. (2014). Public policy and policy goals. In A. Cabot, & N. Pindell, N (Eds.),
Regulating land-based casinos: Policies, procedures, and economics (pp. 21–54). UNLV Gaming
Press.
Cabot, A. N., & Miller, K. C. (2016). The law of gambling and regulated gaming: Cases and
materials (2nd ed.). Carolina Academic Press.
Cabot, A. N., & Miller, K. C. (2021). The Law of gambling and regulated gaming: Cases and
materials (3rd ed.). Carolina Academic Press.
Cabot, A., Vilela, A. L., & Cortés, P. (2023). Comparing gaming regulatory systems in civil
and common law countries: How different approaches can achieve the same policy goals. UNLV
Gaming Law Journal, 13(2), Article 2. Retrieved from https://scholars.law.unlv.edu/glj/vol13/iss2/2
Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative
analysis. SAGE Publications.
Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative
analysis (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.
Charmaz, K., & Belgrave, L. L. (2012). Qualitative interviewing and grounded theory analysis.
In J. F. Gubrium, J. A. Holstein, A. B. Marvasti, & K. D. McKinney (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of
interview research: The complexity of the craft (2nd ed., pp. 347–366). SAGE Publications.
Charmaz, K., & Thornberg, R. (2021). The pursuit of quality in grounded theory. Qualitative
Research in Psychology, 18(3), 305–327.
Chun Tie, Y., Birks, M., & Francis, K. (2019). Grounded theory research: A design framework
for novice researchers. SAGE Open Medicine, 7, Article 2050312118822927. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312118822927
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures
for developing grounded theory (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
Cortés, P. (2021). Macau gaming industry 8.0—Public policy beyond 2022. Gaming Law
Review, 25(2), 50–65.
Financial Intelligence Office. (2025, September 15). Intelligence-led, combining prevention
and crackdown, and addressing both the symptoms and root causes to eradicate "money-changing
syndicates" crimes.
GGRAsia. (2026, February 20). S.Korean casino operators step up use of AI tools for audit,
operations. Retrieved from https://www.ggrasia.com/s-korean-casino-operators-step-up-use-of-aitools-for-audit-operations
Godinho, J. (2012). A history of games of chance in Macau: Part I—Introduction. Gaming Law
Review and Economics, 16(10), 552–556.
Godinho, J. (2013). The prevention of money laundering in Macau casinos. Gaming Law
Review and Economics, 17(4), 262–274.
Godinho, J. (2024). The Macau SAR regulation of casino gaming: Structural features after the
reforms of 2022-2024. UNLV Gaming Law Journal, 15(1), Article 2. Retrieved from
https://scholars.law.unlv.edu/glj/vol15/iss1/2/
Gore, A. (2023). An assessment of AML risks linked to accepting crypto-payments in the
gambling sector (A regulator’s guide). University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), International Center
for Gaming Regulation.
Judiciary Police. (2024, November 5). The Judiciary Police, Gaming Inspection and
Coordination Bureau, and Gaming operators held a meeting to discuss cooperation in the enforcement
of the “Law to Combat Illegal Gambling Crimes”.
Judiciary Police. (2025, January 21). Summary on the work of the Judicial Police—Initiation
of proceedings, law enforcement work and community policing in 2024.
Judiciary Police. (2026, February 5). Summary on the work of the Judicial Police—Initiation
of proceedings, law enforcement work and community policing in 2025.
Haq, M. Z., Ayub, Z. A., Yusoff, Z. M., & Khan, M. A. A. (2022). Factors influencing antimoney laundering regulatory approaches towards casinos and cryptocurrencies in Bangladesh. Journal
of Money Laundering Control, 25(2), 445-454
Ho, H. W. (2017). The junkets in Macau casinos: Evolution and regulation. Gaming Law
Review, 21(10), 721–729.
Ho, H.-W. (2018). Gaming promoters: The junket operations in Macau casinos. Gaming Law
Review, 22(9), 549–558.
Ho, H.-W. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic: Impact and implications for Macau casinos. Gaming
Law Review, 24(8), 563–567.
Ho, H. W. (2022). Casino development and regulation in Asia: The experience of Macau and
Singapore for Japan and other destinations. Asian Education and Development Studies, 11(3), 505–
520.
Ho, H.-W, & Phillips, J. (2023a). Macau 2.0: New gaming law and its implications for casino
market. Gaming Law Review, 27(3), 106–116.
Ho, H.-W. & Phillips, J. (2023b). Death of a salesman? The new junket regulation and practice
in Macau. Gaming Law Review, 27(8), 366–374.
Ho, H.-W, Ng, U., Sou, S., & Ng, J. (2026, April 1). The rise of smart tables: A technical
overview. Inside Asian Gaming, 238, 52–64.
Howlett, M., & Mukherjee, I. (2017). Policy design: From tools to patches. Canadian Public
Administration, 60(1), 140.
Huang, G. H. (2011). Responsible gambling policies and practices in Macao: A critical review.
Asian Journal of Gambling Issues and Public Health, 2, 49–60.
Lam, D. (2019). Casino management in integrated resorts. Routledge.
Liu, P. (2002). Aomen bocai ye zongheng 澳門博彩業縱橫 [A perspective on Macau gaming
industry]. Joint Publishing (Hong Kong) Company Limited
Liu, M. T., Wang, S., McCartney, G., & Wong, I. A. (2021a). Taking a break is for
accomplishing a longer journey: Hospitality industry in Macao under the COVID-19 pandemic.
International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(4), 1249–1275.
Liu, M. T., Dong, S., & Zhu, M. (2021b). The application of digital technology in gambling
industry. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 33(7), 1685–1705.
Liu, M. T., Wang, S. X., Loi, H. N., & Xu, M. (2025). New technologies in casino marketing.
In J. L. Reis, J. P. M. D. Santos, L. M. Gomes, & Z. Bogdanovic (Eds.), Marketing and smart
technologies - Proceedings of ICMarkTech 2024 (pp. 23-38). (Smart Innovation, Systems and
Technologies; Vol. 438 SIST). Springer
Liu, S., To, W. M., & Huang, G. H. (2024). Effect of responsible gaming policy and practice
on casino gaming behavior. Journal of Gambling Studies, 40(3), 1061–1084.
Lobo Vilela, A. (2021). The liability of Macau casino operators for the activity rendered inside
casinos by gaming promoters (junkets)—An update on the current litigation. Gaming Law Review,
25(2), 66–75
Lowi, T. J. (1972). Four systems of policy, politics, and choice. Public Administration Review,
32(4), 298–310.
Macau Printing Bureau. (2023a). Official Gazette of Macao Special Administrative Region:
Official notices and announcements, No. 6, Series II, 8 February 2023. Retrieved from
https://images.bo.dsaj.gov.mo//bo/ii/2023/06/avisosoficiais-6-2023.pdf
Macau Printing Bureau. (2023b). Official Gazette of Macao Special Administrative Region:
Official notices and announcements, No. 41, Series II, 11 October 2023. Retrieved from
https://images.bo.dsaj.gov.mo//bo/ii/2023/41/avisosoficiais-41-2023.pdf
Ministry of Public Security. (2024, June 3). A special deployment meeting of the national
public security organs to crack down on illegal crimes and money changer was convened. Retrieved
from https://www.mps.gov.cn/n2253534/n2253535/c9600625/content.html
New South Wales Independent Liquor and Gaming Authority. (2021, February 1). Report of
the Inquiry under section 143 of the Casino Control Act 1992 (NSW). Parliament of New South Wales.
Retrieved from https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/la/papers/Pages/tabled-paperdetails.aspx?pk=79129
Norris, S. (2019). “... And the eye in the sky is watching us all” – The privacy concerns of
emerging technological advances in casino player tracking. UNLV Gaming Law Journal, 9(2), 269–
291. Retrieved from https://scholars.law.unlv.edu/glj/vol9/iss2/9/
Partida, S. (2024). Technology in Gaming. Western Legal History, 34, 131–143.
Rose, I. N. (2010). Does Macau create legal risks for American operators? Gaming Law Review
and Economics, 14(6), 457–462.
Selwyn, N., Smith, G., Andrejevic, M., Gu, X., & O’Neill, C. (2024). Facing up to problem
gambling: tracing the emergence of facial recognition technology as a means of enforcing voluntary
self-exclusion. Journal of Gambling Studies, 40(4), 1839–1855.
Simser, J. (2026). Dangerous play: AML/CTF/CPF risks in the gaming sector. In Goldbarsht,
D., de Koker, L., Ferrill, J. (Eds). The financial war on crime and terrorism: opportunities and
challenges. European Yearbook of International Economic Law (pp. 225–244). Springer
Siu, R. C. S. (2023). Back to the Future: Constructing Macao as a world-class casino tourism
destination under new gaming laws. Gaming Law Review, 27(7), 326–342.
Siu Lam, C. (2013). Changes in the junket business in Macao after gaming liberalization.
International Gambling Studies, 13(3), 319–337.
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission. (2013). 2013 Report to Congress.
Retrieved from https://www.uscc.gov/annual-report/2013-annual-report-congress
Wang, C. (2014). Licensing VIP-room contractors or gaming promoters in Macao: The status
quo and improvement. UNLV Gaming Research & Review Journal, 18(2), 105-112.
Wang, C. (2023). Macao’s gaming public policy: Implications and function. Journal of Macao
Polytechnic University, 26(4), 27–37.
Wang, C. (2024). New developments in Macao’s gaming public policy: Implications and
effectiveness. Asian Education and Development Studies, 13(2), 179–190.
Wang, C., & Ho, H.-W. (2022). Unveiling Macau gaming inspectors: Functions, conditions
and operations. UNLV Gaming Research & Review Journal, 26(1), 31–43.
Wang, C., & Xie, J. (2023). Overview of Macau’s Legislation on Gambling: 1961–2023.
Gaming Law Review, 27(10), 506–516.
Wong, I. A., Chau, K. F., & Chan, H. U. (2023). An empirical study on customers’ gambling
intention in AI-supported casinos. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 14(2), 121–136.
Wu, X., Ramesh, M., Howlett, M., & Fritzen, S. A. (2018). The public policy primer:
Managing the policy process (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Wyld, D. C. (2008). Radio frequency identification: Advanced intelligence for table games in
casinos. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 49(2), 134–144.
Zeng, Z., & Forrest, D. (2009). High rollers from Mainland China: A profile based on 99 cases.
UNLV Gaming Research & Review Journal, 13(1), 29–43.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Secção
Licença
Direitos de Autor (c) 2026 E- Revista de Estudos Interculturais
Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-CompartilhaIgual 4.0.
