Finanças Verdes e Crescimento Económico nos Centros Financeiros Globais: Evidências a partir de Métodos Econométricos e de Aprendizagem Automática
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34630/e-rei.vi.7502Palavras-chave:
Finanças verdes, crescimento económico, vetor autorregressivo de painel, aprendizagem automática duplaResumo
À medida que os sistemas financeiros passam por uma transformação verde, a avaliação sistemática do desempenho torna-se cada vez mais importante para a formulação de políticas e o planeamento estratégico. Com base em inquéritos globais a profissionais de finanças e numa estrutura de validação que incorpora 127 indicadores instrumentais relacionados com sustentabilidade, clima de negócios, infraestrutura e capital humano, a Z/Yen publica o Índice Global de Finanças Verdes (GGFI). Utilizando as medidas de profundidade e qualidade do GGFI para 99 centros financeiros internacionais (após pré-processamento dos dados; note-se que o GGFI 16, de outubro de 2025, cobre 94 centros), este estudo analisa a sua relação com o crescimento económico de 2018H1 a 2024H2. O crescimento económico é medido pelas taxas de crescimento do PIB real per capita, derivadas do Banco Mundial (2026). Emprega-se um modelo de vetores autorregressivos em painel (PVAR) para estimar as interações dinâmicas entre o desenvolvimento do financiamento verde e o crescimento económico. A estabilidade do modelo e a validade da especificação são confirmadas através de testes de raízes AR para estacionaridade conjunta e testes LM para autocorrelação serial dos resíduos. As funções de resposta ao impulso mostram que o crescimento do PIB real per capita inicialmente oscila após choques na profundidade e qualidade do GGFI durante os primeiros seis períodos semestrais, convergindo posteriormente para uma resposta positiva persistente. As respostas ao impulso acumuladas permanecem não negativas, e os testes de causalidade de Granger indicam uma relação causal unidirecional do GGFI para o crescimento económico, com apenas evidência fraca de retroalimentação do crescimento para a qualidade do financiamento verde (p < 0,10). Verificações de robustez usando o crescimento do PIB per capita ajustado pela paridade do poder de compra apresentam resultados consistentes. Para considerar possíveis não linearidades e heterogeneidades regionais, a análise aplica ainda o método de Double Machine Learning (DML) com modelos de Floresta Aleatória e de Boosting de Gradiente. As estimativas do DML indicam um efeito marginal médio positivo estatisticamente significativo do GGFI no crescimento global do PIB. No entanto, a análise por continente revela heterogeneidade. A associação positiva é robusta e altamente significativa na região Ásia-Pacífico, enquanto é estatisticamente insignificante na Europa e na América do Norte durante o período de amostra (efeito marginal médio ≈ 1,55–1,57 pontos base por unidade de aumento do GGFI). Estes resultados sugerem que os efeitos do crescimento do financiamento verde não são uniformes entre os centros financeiros, variando consoante as condições estruturais regionais e os estágios de desenvolvimento. Uma variável fictícia que capta o período da Covid-19 (2020H1-2023H2) não produz efeitos estatisticamente significativos em diferentes especificações do modelo.
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