Breaking Barriers: Social, Cultural and Organisational Factors Affecting Women’s Participation in Renewable Energy Careers

Abstract

The transition to renewable energy represents a major socio-economic transformation, yet significant gender disparities persist in STEM fields and the energy sector. This article aims to analyse the main social, cultural, and organisational barriers to women’s participation in STEM and renewable energy careers, drawing on a comprehensive literature review. Stemming from the Literature Review carried out within the scope of the Erasmus+ European Policy Experimentations project “STAR Girls - Supporting Talent & Ambition in Renewable Energy Sector for Girls, through mentoring and role models” (GAP 101196009, co-funded by the European Union), and adopting a multilevel perspective, this article examines how the literature explores the under-representation of women in STEM, particularly in the renewable energy sector, the barriers that shape career choices and reinforce gender inequalities, and, consequently, the implications of the gender gap for innovation in these sectors. More specifically, it looks at how individual perceptions (micro level), social influences such as family and education (meso level), and broader organisational and cultural structures (macro level) interact to shape career choices and reinforce gender inequalities. The conclusions drawn reveal that a combination of internalised stereotypes, unequal distribution of care responsibilities, lack of female role models, and structural barriers within education systems and labour markets drives the gender gap. These factors operate simultaneously and reinforce each other, limiting women’s access to technical roles and leadership positions. Furthermore, this research highlights that the energy transition, while creating new opportunities, does not automatically promote gender equity without targeted and inclusive policies. Building on this analysis, we formulate three research propositions that link the three levels of influence and provide a basis for future empirical research. The results underscore the need for integrated strategies that address both individual and structural dimensions, including inclusive education, gender-sensitive policies, and organisational transformation. Ultimately, promoting gender inclusion is not only a matter of social justice but also a key driver of innovation, sustainability, and the effectiveness of the energy transition.