TY - JOUR AU - Carvalho, José António Beleza PY - 2022/01/19 Y2 - 2024/03/29 TI - Estrutura, Organização e Funcionamento dos Sistemas Elétricos de Energia JF - Neutro à Terra JA - neutroaterra VL - IS - 28 SE - Articles DO - 10.34630/neutroaterra.vi28.4489 UR - https://parc.ipp.pt/index.php/neutroaterra/article/view/4489 SP - 5-16 AB - <p><span id="page52R_mcid8" class="markedContent"><span dir="ltr" style="left: 55.28px; top: 287.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">A</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 68.68px; top: 287.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.978649);" role="presentation">eletricidade</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 145.88px; top: 287.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">é</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 158.08px; top: 287.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.936207);" role="presentation">uma</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 190.117px; top: 287.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.973421);" role="presentation">forma</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 231.917px; top: 287.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.954375);" role="presentation">de</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 251.917px; top: 287.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.949375);" role="presentation">energia</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 302.317px; top: 287.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.947692);" role="presentation">crítica</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 344.117px; top: 287.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.939063);" role="presentation">na</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 363.967px; top: 287.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.864375);" role="presentation">nossa</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 403.367px; top: 287.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.968654);" role="presentation">vida</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 55.28px; top: 314.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.972692);" role="presentation">diária,</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 99.28px; top: 314.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.936563);" role="presentation">na</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 120.28px; top: 314.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.864375);" role="presentation">nossa</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 160.88px; top: 314.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.91097);" role="presentation">sociedade</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 227.917px; top: 314.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">e</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 241.317px; top: 314.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.981563);" role="presentation">no</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 263.117px; top: 314.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.966333);" role="presentation">mundo</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 312.717px; top: 314.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.988065);" role="presentation">atual</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 343.317px; top: 314.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">.</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 353.167px; top: 314.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.961389);" role="presentation">No</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 376.567px; top: 314.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.998654);" role="presentation">entanto,</span><br role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" style="left: 55.28px; top: 341.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.937241);" role="presentation">nem</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 86.48px; top: 341.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.962083);" role="presentation">todos</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 125.08px; top: 341.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.942316);" role="presentation">compreendem</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 218.717px; top: 341.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">o</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 230.717px; top: 341.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.940714);" role="presentation">complexo</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 294.117px; top: 341.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.889918);" role="presentation">processo</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 352.567px; top: 341.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.96125);" role="presentation">que</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 379.567px; top: 341.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.996429);" role="presentation">permite</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 55.28px; top: 368.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.96875);" role="presentation">que</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 90.48px; top: 368.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">a</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 109.68px; top: 368.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.953125);" role="presentation">energia</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 167.483px; top: 368.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.975638);" role="presentation">elétrica</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 225.317px; top: 368.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.91375);" role="presentation">chegue</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 281.117px; top: 368.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.816563);" role="presentation">às</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 306.117px; top: 368.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.8425);" role="presentation">nossas</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 358.567px; top: 368.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.932);" role="presentation">habitações,</span><br role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" style="left: 55.28px; top: 395.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.934792);" role="presentation">escritórios,</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 127.08px; top: 395.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.916154);" role="presentation">fábricas</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 179.117px; top: 395.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.929167);" role="presentation">e,</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 194.717px; top: 395.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.954375);" role="presentation">de</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 214.317px; top: 395.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.936207);" role="presentation">uma</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 245.917px; top: 395.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.973421);" role="presentation">forma</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 287.317px; top: 395.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.942917);" role="presentation">geral,</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 325.717px; top: 395.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">a</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 337.317px; top: 395.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.962083);" role="presentation">todos</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 376.367px; top: 395.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.866563);" role="presentation">os</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 394.567px; top: 395.854px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.896842);" role="presentation">locais</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 55.28px; top: 422.824px; font-size: 15.04px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.929779);" role="presentation">em</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 78.28px; top: 422.824px; font-size: 15.04px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.919917);" role="presentation">que</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 104.88px; top: 422.824px; font-size: 15.04px; font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">é</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 115.68px; top: 422.824px; font-size: 15.04px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.874892);" role="presentation">necessária</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 179.317px; top: 422.824px; font-size: 15.04px; font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">.</span></span><span id="page52R_mcid9" class="markedContent"> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 55.28px; top: 476.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.856);" role="presentation">Este</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 88.68px; top: 476.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.992083);" role="presentation">artigo</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 132.28px; top: 476.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.02052);" role="presentation">trata</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 169.483px; top: 476.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">a</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 184.517px; top: 476.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.973421);" role="presentation">forma</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 229.117px; top: 476.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.920676);" role="presentation">como</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 271.117px; top: 476.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.866563);" role="presentation">os</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 292.717px; top: 476.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.87425);" role="presentation">sistemas</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 352.967px; top: 476.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.952909);" role="presentation">elétricos</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 413.167px; top: 476.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.954375);" role="presentation">de</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 55.28px; top: 503.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.953125);" role="presentation">energia</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 116.68px; top: 503.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.955147);" role="presentation">funcionam</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 181.717px; top: 503.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">.</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 201.117px; top: 503.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.950682);" role="presentation">Apresenta</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 263.917px; top: 503.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">-</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 268.517px; top: 503.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.829375);" role="presentation">se</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 297.317px; top: 503.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">a</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 319.917px; top: 503.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.972672);" role="presentation">estrutura</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 391.967px; top: 503.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">e</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 414.967px; top: 503.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.866563);" role="presentation">os</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 55.28px; top: 530.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.93927);" role="presentation">componentes</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 143.48px; top: 530.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.901875);" role="presentation">dos</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 169.683px; top: 530.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.87121);" role="presentation">Sistemas</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 228.117px; top: 530.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.91579);" role="presentation">Elétricos</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 284.917px; top: 530.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.954375);" role="presentation">de</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 304.717px; top: 530.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.9111);" role="presentation">Energia</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 354.967px; top: 530.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.78375);" role="presentation">(SEE),</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 394.167px; top: 530.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.855);" role="presentation">assim</span><br role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" style="left: 55.28px; top: 557.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.925946);" role="presentation">como</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 96.88px; top: 557.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">a</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 111.48px; top: 557.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.967895);" role="presentation">forma</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 155.48px; top: 557.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.925946);" role="presentation">como</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 197.117px; top: 557.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">o</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 212.517px; top: 557.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.895962);" role="presentation">sistema</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 266.717px; top: 557.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">é</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 281.517px; top: 557.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.967642);" role="presentation">operado</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 332.917px; top: 557.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">.</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 344.117px; top: 557.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.952045);" role="presentation">Apresenta</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 406.767px; top: 557.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">-</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 411.367px; top: 557.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.84775);" role="presentation">se,</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 55.28px; top: 584.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.950431);" role="presentation">também,</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 115.08px; top: 584.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.936207);" role="presentation">uma</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 146.88px; top: 584.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.937013);" role="presentation">panorâmica</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 223.717px; top: 584.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.945938);" role="presentation">geral</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 258.517px; top: 584.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.981563);" role="presentation">do</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 278.917px; top: 584.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.971875);" role="presentation">funcionamento</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 376.967px; top: 584.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.901875);" role="presentation">dos</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 403.167px; top: 584.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.744265);" role="presentation">SEE,</span><br role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" style="left: 55.28px; top: 611.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.983);" role="presentation">porque</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 106.68px; top: 611.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.898333);" role="presentation">eles</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 138.08px; top: 611.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.938077);" role="presentation">apresentam</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 218.517px; top: 611.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.907232);" role="presentation">algumas</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 276.517px; top: 611.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.925313);" role="presentation">pequenas</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 342.917px; top: 611.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.936177);" role="presentation">diferenças</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 413.567px; top: 611.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.936563);" role="presentation">na</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 55.28px; top: 638.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.973548);" role="presentation">estrutura,</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 123.28px; top: 638.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.933923);" role="presentation">operação,</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 191.717px; top: 638.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">e</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 206.717px; top: 638.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.964943);" role="presentation">planeamento,</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 299.317px; top: 638.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.954375);" role="presentation">de</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 322.317px; top: 638.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.9);" role="presentation">país</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 354.167px; top: 638.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.945);" role="presentation">para</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 389.167px; top: 638.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.9);" role="presentation">país</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 420.967px; top: 638.904px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">e</span><br role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" style="left: 55.28px; top: 665.874px; font-size: 15.04px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.916792);" role="presentation">região</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 101.68px; top: 665.874px; font-size: 15.04px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.903899);" role="presentation">para</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 136.88px; top: 665.874px; font-size: 15.04px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.912115);" role="presentation">região</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 175.083px; top: 665.874px; font-size: 15.04px; font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">.</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 186.717px; top: 665.874px; font-size: 15.04px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.864007);" role="presentation">Na</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 211.317px; top: 665.874px; font-size: 15.04px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.954605);" role="presentation">parte</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 251.717px; top: 665.874px; font-size: 15.04px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.949745);" role="presentation">final,</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 289.717px; top: 665.874px; font-size: 15.04px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.912292);" role="presentation">apresenta</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 350.767px; top: 665.874px; font-size: 15.04px; font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">-</span><span dir="ltr" style="left: 355.367px; top: 665.874px; font-size: 15.04px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.836719);" role="presentation">se</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 376.567px; top: 665.874px; font-size: 15.04px; font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">a</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 391.567px; top: 665.874px; font-size: 15.04px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.963056);" role="presentation">forma</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 55.28px; top: 692.937px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.925946);" role="presentation">como</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 95.28px; top: 692.937px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">o</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 109.08px; top: 692.937px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.895962);" role="presentation">sistema</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 161.48px; top: 692.937px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.984575);" role="presentation">elétrico</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 213.717px; top: 692.937px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.954375);" role="presentation">de</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 234.717px; top: 692.937px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.957188);" role="presentation">energia</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 286.517px; top: 692.937px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.957);" role="presentation">português</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 354.567px; top: 692.937px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.829375);" role="presentation">se</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 373.767px; top: 692.937px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.960526);" role="presentation">encontra</span><br role="presentation"><span dir="ltr" style="left: 55.28px; top: 719.937px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.937083);" role="presentation">organizado</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 126.08px; top: 719.937px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif;" role="presentation">e</span> <span dir="ltr" style="left: 136.88px; top: 719.937px; font-size: 15px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.974392);" role="presentation">estruturado</span></span></p> ER -